Narayanswami ले Essay लाई निम्न प्रकारले परिभाषा गरेका छन् :
"The essay is a long piece of composition on a theme or subject. It is self-contained, that is, it has a beginning, a middle and an end. The beginning usually introduces the subject in general forms. The middle of the essay develops the theme and presents the writer's thought on it. Then the essay is brought to close in a suitable concluding passage" - Narayanswami 2000).
# Parts of an Essay
Essay (निबन्ध) का तीनवटा भागहरु हुन्छन्। ती निम्न प्रकारका छन् :-
1. Introduction or the Beginning: यो भाग essay को पहिलो Part हो। यसले topics (शीर्षक) को सामान्य जानकारी दिन्छ। यसलाई सुरु गर्दा तलका मध्य कुनै एक तरिका अपनाउन सकिन्छ :(i) कुनै definition (परिभाषा) बाट(ii) कुनै proverb (उखान) बाट(iii) कुनै saying (भनाइ) बाट(iv) कुनै सामान्य statement बाट।
जसरी सुरु गरिएको भए तापनि यो सामान्यत: छोटो तथा keynotes प्रदान हुनुपर्छ। यो भाग सामान्यत: एक paragraph मात्र हुनुपर्छ।
2. Body or the Middle Part: यो essay को second part हो। यस part ले topics लाई पूर्ण रुपले विस्तार गर्ने काम गर्छ। सम्पूर्ण व्याख्या, विश्लेषण, बर्णन, उदाहरण यसै part मा राखिन्छ। यो part एक paragraph देखि धेरै paragraphs सम्म पनि हुन सक्छ। यो भाग आफैंमा पूर्ण हुनुपर्छ।
3. Conclusion or the Ending: यो भाग essay को निष्कर्ष हो। यसमा writer को बिचार समाबेश हुन सक्छ। साथै यस भागमा suitable quotation तथा summary पनि समाबेश हुनसक्छ। सामन्यत: यस भागमा मुख्य विचार (central idea) समाबेश हुनै पर्छ। यो भाग long हुनुहुदैन। सामन्यत: यो भाग एक paragraph मात्र हुनुपर्छ।
# Types Of Essays
- Descriptive Essays: कुनै पनि बस्तु तथा ठाउँ जस्तै: देश, टापू, पहाड, सागर, नदी, सहर इत्यादिको बारेमा वर्णन गरी लेखिने essay लाई descriptive essay भनिन्छ। यस्ता essay हरुमा तथ्य युक्त वर्णन गरिन्छ।
- Narrative Essays: कुनै पनि वास्तविक वा काल्पनिक घटना, ऐतिहासिक घटना, programmes, accidents इत्यादिको उल्लेख (narrate) गरी लेखिने essay लाई narrative essay भनिन्छ। यस्तो essay लाई indirect speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन) मा लेख्नु राम्रो मानिन्छ। Narrative essay वास्तविक रुपमा घटनाको अप्रत्यक्ष कथनमा गरिने विवरण हो।
- Expository/Argumentative Essays: कुनै पनि Proposition (भनाइ) को बारेमा writer को विचार तथा तर्क प्रस्तुत गरी लेखिने essay लाई expository essay भनिन्छ। यसमा writer ले readers (पाठकहरु) लाई convince गर्ने प्रयत्न गर्छ।
- Reflective Essays: कुनै पनि abstract (भावात्मक) topic मा writer को original thought (वास्तविक विचार) व्यक्त गरी लेखिने essay लाई reflective essay भनिन्छ। यस्ता essays प्राय: literary (साहित्यिक) शैलीमा हुन्छन्।
# Characteristics Of A Good Essay एउटा असल निबन्धमा तलका बिशेषता हुनुपर्छ:
- Unity: Essay को मुख्य बिषय (central idea) लाई उपयुक्त supporting details ले पुष्टि गर्नुपर्छ। अनावश्यक कुराहरु समावेश भएको हुनुहुदैन।
- Balance: Essay का तीन वटा भागहरु सन्तुलित हुनुपर्छ। introduction र conclusion केहि short हुनुपर्छ। तर body पहिलो र तेस्रो भाग भन्दा long हुनुपर्छ। यसको अतिरिक्त essay को theme (बिषयवस्तु) पनि सन्तुलित हुनुपर्छ।
- Coherence: Essay को विषयवस्तुलाई क्रमबद्द मिलाई राखेको हुनुपर्छ। यसको लागि chronological order (समयको क्रम), spatial order (ठाउँको क्रम) र logical order इत्यादिलाई प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। Coherence भनेको विषयवस्तुको क्रमबद्द संयोजन हो।
- Length: Essay को length writer को उद्देश्यमा भर पर्छ। पाठक (reader) को शैक्षिक योग्यताले पनि essay को length लाई असर गर्छ। आवश्यकता अनुसार essay को लम्बाई घटी वा बढी हुन सक्छ। तर उपयुक्त संरचनाका लागि essay का कम्तिमा (at least) तीन वटा paragraphs हुनु राम्रो हुन्छ।
- Emphasis: सबै भन्दा महत्वपूर्ण points लाई बिशेष रुपले highlight गर्नुपर्छ। Essay को सुरुमा वा अन्त्यमा लेखिएका points बढी मात्रामा highlighted हुन्छन्। तसर्थ बढी महत्वपूर्ण points लाई सुरुमा वा अन्त्यमा राख्नु राम्रो हुन्छ।
- Clarity: Essay भाषा स्पष्ट हुनुपर्छ। Essay मा दोहोरो अर्थ आउने भाषाको प्रयोग नहुनु राम्रो हो।
- Grammatical Correctness: निबन्धमा प्रयोग हुने भाषा grammatical दृष्टिले शुद्द र स्पष्ट हुनुपर्छ। बोलीचालीको भाषाको बहानामा वा साहित्यिक शैलीको बहानामा भाषिक अशुद्दि हुनुहुदैन।
# Some Hints to Write an Essay
कुनै पनि essay लेख्दा तयारीका साथ लेख्नु पर्छ। Essay मा प्रयोग गरिने विषयवस्तुलाई बुँदागत रुपमा तयार गरी लेखन कार्य सुरु गर्नु राम्रो हुन्छ। यदि points टिपोट नगर्ने हो भने आवश्यक points पनि छुट्न सक्छन् भने अनावश्यक कुराहरु समावेश हुन सक्छन्। उदाहरणको लागि pollution शीर्षकमा निबन्ध लेख्दा तलका points लाई note गरी rough को रुपमा राख्न सकिन्छ।Pollution
यदि समयले साथ दिन्छ भने मुख्य बुँदाहरु पछि सहायक points पनि राख्नु बढी उपयुक्त हुन्छ। जस्तै माथिको नम्बर ii अन्तर्गत,2. Types of pollution- sound pollution- soil pollution- water pollution- air pollution, etc.लेख्नु राम्रो हुन्छ। तर परिक्षा हल भित्र सबै सहायक points हरु लेख्न समय नपुग्न सक्छ। तसर्थ मुख्य points लाई मात्र लेख्नु उपयुक्त हुन सक्छ।
- Definition, introduction (i paragraph)
- Types of pollution (ii paragraph)
- Causes of pollution (iii paragraph)
- Effects of pollution (iv paragraph)
- Preventive measures & solutions (V paragraph)
- Conclusion (VI paragraph)
# Some Examples of Guided Essays
My Best Friend
many friends - Rajesh the best - classmate - his physical appearance - dress - games - food - negative attributes (नकारात्मक विशेषताहरु) - study - character and nature - interest - hobby - opinion about him.A friend in need is a friend indeed. I have many friends in my life. All of them are good and real friends. Our friends can have similar interests (ईच्छहरु) and opinions (विचारहरु) to us. Good friends are always honest, helpful, sincere and faithful (विश्वासी). Among my good friends, Rajesh Kumar Sharma is my best friend.
Rajesh is my classmate whose interests, opinions, habits and good manners have influenced(प्रभाव पारेको) me very much. His physical appearance has also attracted(आकर्षण गर्यो) me. His height is about 5 feet and 6 inches. He is slim and healthy. His golden hair, blue eyes, fair complexion (अनुहार)and friendly (मित्रवत) manners attract everyone. He always wears simple dresses. At school, he always appears in the specified (तोकिएको) uniform. His dress style is very simple. He plays volleyball, football and table-tennis. He is fond of (सौखिन) playing volleyball. He likes Nepali food very much. He is not fond of having fast foods and modern drinks.
He is very good at mathematics and English. He can compose (रचना) very good poems. In our school, we students have been divided into four houses (सदनहरु) . The name of our house is Sagarmatha. He is our house leader (सदन नेता ). He can speak very attractively (आकर्षक शैलीमा). He often takes part in social activities. He always gets good position in the oratory competition (वक्तृत्व कला प्रतियोगिता)and debate competition(वादविवाद)as well. He is hard-working and punctual (ठिक समयमा काम गर्ने). He is never delayed (ढिलो हुने) to reach school. He never angers (रिसाउँछ) with us. As he is a simple-minded (साधारण विचार भएको), he is sometimes cheated (ठगिएको) by cunning (जाली) fellows (साथीहरु).
He is much popular among students and teachers for his nature (प्रवृति), good manners (असल व्यवहारहरु), politeness (नम्रता), generous nature (उदार प्रवृति) and love of hard-work. He is not so humorous (रमाइलो खालको) to crack jokes. He respects (आदर गर्छ) all his seniors (ठूला) and loves juniors (साना). Because of his noble (भद्र) and intelligent behaviour, he is very popular among girls. He is always willing (इच्छुक) to share sorrows (दु:ख) and joys (आनन्द). He seems to be completely sociable (सामाजिक) and co-operative (सहयोगी).
He is highly interested in reading novels (उपन्यासहरु) and dramas (नाटकहरु). He is fond of collecting old and historical (ऐतिहासिक) coins. He has collected twenty different types of coins. He likes to play with them. Collecting coins and keeping dogs are his hobbies (सोखका बिषयहरु). His ambition (लक्ष) to be in future is very simple and noble. He wants to be a teacher in a remote place. He prefers (मन पराउँछ) living in rural (ग्रामिण) areas than urban (शहरी) areas. He seems to be a little bit (केहि हदसम्म) sentimental. He loves the rural people very much.
Although he possesses (राख्छ) more positive (सकारात्मक) attributes (गुणहरु), we can indicate (देखाउन) some of his weaknesses (कमजोरीहरु) . Though he is talented and gifted, he is not strongly determined (दृढ संकल्प भएको) to compete with his friends. He is simply found to have been victimized (शिकार) by his inferiority complex (हिनताबोध).
I do realize that I am one of the fortunate (भाग्यशाली) to get such a noble fellow as my best friend. I wish I were him. Sometimes I feel jealous of his status (अवस्था) and positive attributes such as sincerity, honesty, talent, etc. In fact, I am proud of him.
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